Political Geography Of China - 1181 Words

The Peoples Republic of China is the fourth largest country in the world and features diverse landforms and climates. Located in East Asia and bordering fourteen countries, China has a total area of 9,596,960 square kilometers: 9,326,410 square kilometers of land and 270,550 square kilometers of water. Agricultural land makes up 54.7% of China’s land (with arable land making up 11.3% of land, permanent crops making up 1.6% of land, and permanent pasture making up 41.8% of land), while forest makes up 22.3%, and â€Å"other† makes up 23%. China is made up of 23 provinces (including Taiwan), 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities. The climate of China varies greatly within the country. Northern China features a subarctic climate with long,†¦show more content†¦The CIA World Factbook lists China’s agricultural products as, â€Å"rice, wheat, potatoes, corn, tobacco, peanuts, tea, apples, cotton, pork, mutton, eggs; fish, shrimp,† and makes a note that China is the â€Å"world leader in gross value of agricultural output.† Natural resources are listed as, â€Å"coal, iron ore, petroleum, natural gas, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, rare earth elements, uranium, hydropower potential (worlds largest), arable land.† China’s industries are recorded as, â€Å"mining and ore processing, iron, steel, aluminum, and other metals, coal; machine building; armaments; textiles and apparel; petroleum; cement; chemicals; fertilizers; consumer products (including footwear, toys, and electronics); food processing; transportation equipment, including automobiles, rail cars and locomotives, ships, aircraft; telecommunications equipment, commercial space launch vehicles, satellites,† while it is noted that China is the â€Å"world leader in gross value of industrial output.† 28.3% of Chinese jobs are in agriculture, while 29.3% of jobs are in industry, and 42.4% of jobs are in services. A 2016 estimate puts China’s unemployment rate at 4% and another 2016 estimate puts 3.3% of the Chinese population below the poverty line. China has a Gini Index of 46.5 — an index used to measure income inequality, with 0, or 0%, being perfect equality and 1, or 100%, being perfect inequality —Show MoreRelatedCompeting Claims. The Disputes In The Scs Have Evolved1709 Words   |  7 PagesCompeting Claims The disputes in the SCS have evolved over decades and engage multiple regional states that have territorial claims in the South China Sea including China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, and Taiwan. While not located directly in the region the United States, Australia, Japan, and India all hold economic, territorial, and security concerns over the disputes. Specifically, the United States has been involved in the territorial disputes to uphold maritime security laws andRead MoreMapping And Its Impact On The Contemporary Art1436 Words   |  6 Pagesgive us a new perspective into the political, geographical and social similarities and differences we may share with other people. Mapping can provide us with valuable insight into the way other people live, think and behave. Mapping has become an important aspect in the contemporary art world as the availability to view and share artwork with others around the world has been made more readily available. Contemporary art as viewed through the notion that geography can lead to artists engaging withRead MoreRelationhship between China and Taiwan in Emma Tungs Book, Taiwan’s Imagined Geography1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn her book Taiwan’s Imagined Geography Emma Tung presents the history of the relationship between China and Taiwan beginning in 1683 and ending in 1895. In this work she presents and defends the crucial role of travel writing in the Qing Empire moving past seeing Taiwan as a â€Å"ball of mud† without worth to incorporating the island into the Chinese empire. The majority of the book is a summarization of the history of Taiwan after it was conquered by China, as well as the way in which travel writingRead MoreThe Book By Daron Acemoglu And James A. Robinson Why Nations F ail1228 Words   |  5 Pagestheme of the book is that nations fail because of political institutions, rather than geography, culture, or economic policies. Acemoglu and Robinson theorize that political institutions can be divided into two types: extractive institutions where small groups of people take advantage of the population, and inclusive institutions when large groups of people are included in decisions made by the government. According to the authors, when political and economic institutions are inclusive, incentivesRead MorePolitics is the Main Factor in the Development of Countries Around the World1217 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions about the development of countries. There are different perspectives on the growth of countries; however the three main theories mentioned in the book are due to geography, culture, ignorance or institutions. The authors of â€Å"Why nations fail â€Å"Acemoglu and Robhinson have challenged these theories . They believe that political inst itutions are the main factors for development of a well-functioning nation and the determinants of economic institutions. Its all about institutions, Daron AcemogluRead MoreChinese Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1558 Words   |  7 Pagesfostered by social structures unique to the group. China is one of the most complex nations in the world. From its numerous aspects of culture to its intricate physical geography and storied military history. My paper will provide a brief view into the nation’s language, music, religion, cuisine, and arts. I will also provide a weather analysis and how its effects on the country’s economy and civil considerations. Language The language in China is Standard Chinese (known locally as Putonghua), whichRead MoreLanguage Acquisition And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1555 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, 2014). China is one of the most complex nations in the world. From its numerous aspects of culture to its intricate physical geography and storied military history. My paper will provide a brief view of the nation s language, music, religion, cuisine, and arts. I will also provide a weather analysis and how its effects on the country s economy and civil considerations. Language The language in China is Standard Chinese regionally referred to PutonghuaRead MoreChinese Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1557 Words   |  7 Pagesfor Advanced Research on Language Acquisition, 2014). China is one of the most complex nations in the world. From its numerous aspects of culture to its intricate physical geography and storied military history. My paper will provide a brief view of the nation s language, music, religion, cuisine, and arts. I will also provide a weather analysis and how its effects on the country s economy and civil considerations. Language The language in China is Standard Chinese regionally referred to PutonghuaRead MoreCulture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1553 Words   |  7 Pagesfostered by social patterns unique to the group. China is one of the most complex nations in the world. From its many different aspects of culture to its complex physical geography and storied military history. My paper will provide a brief view into the nation’s language, music, religion, cuisine, and arts. I will also provide a weather analysis and how its effects on the country’s economy and civil considerations. Language The language in China is Standard Chinese (known locally as Putonghua),Read MoreEssay about European Colonialism and Imperialism992 Words   |  4 Pagesstart, then the Europeans started developing and leaving the Middle East in their dust. Why Europe instead of China? From AD 1000 to AD 1450, China was the most technologically advanced society on the planet. During this time, Europe was the least technologically advanced area in Eurasia. So how did Europe manage to catch up to China? It all came down to one thing, political unity. China had a very nationalistic society. They had one ruler, as opposed to Europe, which was very politically divided

Racism A Social Problem And Controversial Issue Around...

Yue Zheng Prof. Aili Bresnahan PHL 324 12/10/2016 Racism in Film Racism is a social problem and controversial issue around the world, which defines the different cultures, ethical principles, and values. These bring some deviances and conflicts to the different classes of people in the society. Also, a racial difference created an inherent superiority for a particular race and was a major factor to determine a person s traits and capacities including skin color, inherent culture, religion and belief. These factors are including the racial discrimination against black people and limit people who have difference of race to get married. Meanwhile, racialism denied the unalienable individual’s rights and produced prejudices when most people in society have different beliefs and values the culture of the minority group of society. However, racism increases the barrier of racism and prevents overcoming the difference of race in the society. In this way, people started to be stronger and confirmed their identity of themselves based on the racial discrimination and biases. In this paper, I will explain how racism how to influence our life based on difference of skin color, cognitive cultural semiotics and inherent culture from historical. Firstly, racism was a system which resulted in some people enjoying the privileges while others lost their rights in the social structures, based on skin color, inherent cultures, and ability. The film Guess Who s Coming to Dinner† (StanleyShow MoreRelated The Social Cry In Planet of the Apes Essay742 Words   |  3 PagesThe Social Cry In Planet of the Apes After watching The Planet of the Apes, everyone seemed to leave the movie with a message in mind. Be it the controversial subject matter of Science vs. Religion, animal cruelty, or the cries of the extremeness of war and nuclear weapons. The makers of this film clearly felt the importance of illustrating to the viewers how unjust this society of â€Å"superior† apes were towards the humans. It allows the viewer to leave the movie thinking about our own society,Read MoreThe Main Categories Are Violent Crimes And Property Crimes1415 Words   |  6 Pagescrimes, however. Still, the majority of crimes are committed by young people, white people, and males, typically a combination of the three. Some crimes occur so frequently that they are social problems in themselves, such as rape or child abuse. Rape is a major social problem in the United States and all over the world. Rape has many subproblems, like victim blaming, and post-rape consequences, which can include any combination of the following: depression, feeling unclean, embarrassment and humiliationRead MoreThe Role Of Social Media And Networking1586 Words   |  7 PagesThe Role of Social Media/Networking in Conversations about Race We are in an age where email, text, and social media have become the preferred method of communication. Social media has given a powerful voice to people from all around the world when it comes to conversations. It has given people the idea to create, share or exchange information, pictures, videos in many virtual communities. Many people’s minds have been influenced by the different social media that they have evolved their entireRead MoreRacism : Some Call It A Disease1153 Words   |  5 PagesRacism Some call it a â€Å"disease†, some consider it a way of life, and others want it to be gone. Racism has been around for centuries as a sensitive controversial topic among Americans. Racism comes from way back when before I was born and it shocks me that it s still a popular subject in this day an age. It has been brought to the countries attention and has gotten better, but hasn’t vanished and still remains. Everyone views racism differently and have different reasons to why racism may be presentRead More Spike Lee Essay1478 Words   |  6 Pagesfew black students to attend Tisch School of the Arts, the aspiring filmmaker’s first year at New York University was a particularly difficult one. Lee’s experiences, race, and upbringing have all led him to create controversial films to provide audiences with an insight into racial issues. Spike Lee’s first student production, The Answer, was a short ten minute film which told of a young black screenwriter who rewrote D.W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation. The film was not well accepted among theRead MoreEssay on The Iconic Rod Sterling Spoke Out Against Socialism522 Words   |  3 Pagesonly dazzled the world with his mind boggling work in the expansive sci-fi genre but has also successfully utilized his position in television and radio to speak out against socialism. During World War II, Serling fought Nazi forces in Europe. It was there that he realized the true wrongs in the world. Serling understood the world had been blinded by socialist eyes and poisoned by prejudice hearts. He found that with television he could take a part of the problem, and using a smallRead MoreBlack Lives Matter By Alex Nabaum920 Words   |  4 PagesIt’s controversial because critics state ‘Black Lives Matter’ Movement, implies black lives are more valuable than white lives. The battle is literally being turned into a black and white issue which according to the author Nabaum this misdirection is intentional. Nabaum primarily writes on social issues such as the United States tarnished reputation around the world. Low income student’s experiences when attending Ivy League colleges. Nabaum being a writer for a news source that’s been around sinceRead MoreThe Problem Of Environmental Racism916 Words   |  4 Pagesthis p aper, we are going to provide a quick overview of what environmental justice is and when this phenomenon started to then analyze the dilemma of environmental racism in minorities’ neighborhoods. At the same time we will try to present some solutions to the matter as well as explain if we believe that this kind of social-race problem could be addressed in a near future or it will be ignored and forgotten by the new generations. The environmental justice movement is tightly related to the CivilRead MoreThe Legacy of NWA Essay1129 Words   |  5 Pages During the 80s a controversial group of rappers came together and changed the game of Hip Hop for generations to come. Niggas with Attitude, otherwise known as N.W.A, was comprised of the rappers; Ice Cube, MC Ren, Easy E, Yella, and Dr. Dre. Theses rappers spoke the truth about life in the streets; the hustling, the trapping, the sexual encounters, the gang life, and the most important, the racism. They shined a light on these issues in a violent, sexually explicit, yet intelligent andRead MoreEssay on Environmental Racism1450 Words   |  6 PagesWhen one discusses acts of racism, slander or the stereotyping of a group of people may come to mind. However, the concept of environmental racism is rarely considered. This form of racism positions dominant environmental framing as racially driven, in which people of color (i.e. minorities) are affected d isproportionately by poor environmental practices. Communities of color throughout the United States have become the dumping grounds for our nation’s waste disposal, as well as home to agricultural

Space Power Essay Research Paper Space Propulsion free essay sample

Space Power Essay, Research Paper Space Propulsion RESEARCH I/II LARRY PECAN FINAL REPORT 9-27-98 INTRODUCTION The followers is a research undertaking on Space Vehicle Propulsion. It shall dwell of four subdivisions, each discoursing specific subjects. Section One lays out the basic thoughts of rocketry. Section Two compares Rocket Propulsion Systems, and shows the footing for the comparing. It besides shows how each particular Rocket System works and Section Three gives a description of how Space Propulsion has evolved and contains a decision. Section 1 The Basics Section One is a brief description of the basic belongingss of Rocket Systems. It defines the key footings and shows how a basic projectile works. It besides shows the State if The Art. I have chosen to make my undertaking on infinite vehicle propulsion. Basically, this means that my research shall be based chiefly on rocketry. Rocketry is a manner of propulsion that has developed in legion ways since it was foremost used to impel pyrotechnics in the sixteenth century. It has emerged into an highly complicated scientific discipline that few really understand. Most infinite rocketry in America is used in NASA ( National Aeronautics and Space Association ) infinite undertakings. NASA, a authorities association that focuses on infinite geographic expedition, is the chief user of projectile engineering. It is used largely to power their orbiters and birds into infinite. Pushing an object that weighs every bit much as a infinite bird does straight perpendicular until get awaying the Earth s atmosphere requires a enormous sum of power. This is why NASA uses projectiles. Rockets are basically the most powerful signifiers of propulsion there is today. Space Vehicle Propulsion is based projectile engines. The basic rule of projectile engine is that when fuel is burned in the engine, the reaction mass is expelled at high velocities. As a consequence of Newton s jurisprudence of action and reaction this pushes the vehicle in the opposite way of the 1 in whic h the reaction mass is traveling. Thrust is the force that the engine exerts on all infinite behind it in order to force the vehicle frontward. Efficiency is the manner that the quality of projectile engines is measured by. It is measured by the clip it takes for one kg of propellent to make one kg of push. The end of my research is to happen out what makes these engines more efficient. In rocketry, the province of the art is highly difficult to specify, since there are so many different signifiers of rocketry runing from liquid propellent projectiles to pyrotechnics. The province of the art though is likely atomic powered projectiles. It is much more efficient because it does non utilize chemical burning like most projectiles do. Alternatively NFRRs ( Nuclear Fission Reactor Rockets ) heat H in a fission reactor which expels the propellent at vesicating velocities. Much research is being done with NFRRs. They are still extremely experimental because of the dangers that could be ass ociated with them. The NERVA ( Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application ) was one of the most extended NFRR research undertakings, nevertheless it failed because of the inability figure out an attack to seting the research into a developmental phase. Section 2 Specific Rocket Propulsion Systems Section One has laid the foundation for farther research in the are of rocketry. Section two shall discourse belongingss of efficiency in more deepness, it shall put out the types of projectiles in being now. It shall besides demo which type of projectile is the most efficient. After this subdivision, the following one shall depict how the grounds for these specific projectiles efficiency and depending on the result of that study, the subject of the 4th shall be decided. EFFICIENCY Efficiency is the most of import portion of my research as yet. Since the object of my research is to happen out which type of projectiles are the most efficient and why, the reader of this paper must hold a b asic apprehension of efficiency. Once this is established, new definitions will come into drama, all of these shall be important in the apprehension of the paper. Footings Needed To Understand Efficiency G- a unit of acceleration [ equal to 9.8 meters/second/second ( speed uping at a gait of 9.8 metres per 2nd every second ) ] Specific Impulse ( Isp ) A measuring in seconds of efficiency. Properties of Efficiency Efficiency is the most accurate index of projectiles public presentation. As stated in the aforesaid definitions, specific urge is the basic unit of measuring of projectile efficiency. Isp is found by spliting the exhaust speed by g ( definition besides mentioned above ) . Since speed is measured in m/s ( metres per second ) and each g is equal to 9.8 m/s/s ( metres per 2nd every second ) , the footings cancel to go forth merely a unit in seconds. The resulting figure, is the continuance of clip for which one kg of propellent can bring forth one kg of push. Therefore, a hi gher figure represents a better, and more efficient projectile. To give the reader an thought of the mean Isp of several type of projectiles, I have listed some mean figures for efficiency of certain types of projectiles below. Average Efficiencies of Certain Rockets Next, I have listed the Isp values for some basic types of projectiles. After that I shall explicate some of the most good known types of projectiles. Basic Rocket Types An RPS ( projectile propulsion system ) is a powerplant that pushes a vehicle frontward by chuck outing affair that is stored within the vehicle. This affair is called propellent. The propellent is the most important portion of traveling a vehicle through infinite. Their energy beginning, the vehicles they are used on, and the type of propellent sort the specific types of systems. Liquid Propellant Rockets All LPRs ( Liquid Propelled Rockets ) contain the same basic devices. The following paragraph shall discourse these maps and analyze their intent. Th e first such device is the thrust chamber. The thrust chamber contains an injector, a burning chamber and a nose. The thrust chamber is the topographic point where the propellents are injected, atomized, so assorted and eventually burned to organize reaction merchandises in the signifier of gas. Following, the merchandises are accelerated and ejected at highly high speeds to make push. The injector is a series of pipes that allow the liquid propellent to travel into the burning chamber chamber to be made into push while atomising and blending them. The exhaust nose is the last measure in the releasing of push. It allows the hot gas to spread out and so accelerates them to supersonic speeds. On some vehicles, the nozzle Acts of the Apostless as a maneuvering mechanism by puting it on an electronic axis for which it can be turned by an machine-controlled guidance wheel. There are two major types of provender systems used by LPRs ; one uses pumps to travel propellents to burning Chambe rss ; the other, uses high force per unit area to throw out propellents from their armored combat vehicles. On most infinite vehicles the engines are mounted in braces at the margin of the trade. Normally to opposite confronting thrust Chamberss are controlled automatedly to turn the ship. Generally, a lower limit of 12 thrust Chamberss is required for turning. Solid Propellant Rockets Solid Propellant Rockets ( SPRs ) contains a immense figure of types of engines. The propellent that is to be burned is held in the burning chamber. The propellent charge ( grain ) contains chemical elements for complete combustion. When it is ignited, it burns on all its exposed sides. If the design of the grain is changed, so less can be exposed ; the less open, the less fuel burned. The mean combustion rate is around 1.8 milliliters per second. The rate usually depends on the propellent ingredients. The more chamber force per unit area, the more propellent burnt. The manner to do an efficient SPR i s to pack as much solid propellent into a chamber volume as possible. Theoretically, it would be ideal to fire the propellent like a cigar, from one terminal to the other. For this ground, scientists created an end-burning grain, which has proved highly successful. Electric Rockets There are three types of electric propulsion systems (EPS); the three include electromagnetic, electrothermal and electrostatic. They are, in some ways more a rocket of the future then one of the present, somewhat like the NERVA project (see next section). In the electrothermal system the propellant is heated or vaporized electric heaters. The hot gas is then expanded through a nozzle the way it is in a chemical rocket. In an electrostatic system, interacting electrostatic fields and small charged particles such as colloidal particles achieve acceleration. In an electromagnetic rocket, acceleration is achieved by placing propellant plasma (a high temperature, electrically natural gas that contains electrons, ions and neutral molecular species) in an electromagnetic field thus causing a reaction that releases thrust. Nuclear Rockets Unlike the aforementioned rockets, nuclear rockets do not generate its power through chemical combustion. The way its power is formed, is through nuclear fission. It heats a propellant like hydrogen in a fission reactor and the explosion expels the propellant at amazing speeds, which exceed twice what any other rocket can produce. Its efficiency rating is around 850, as compared to the 450 of the next best type, the cryogenic rocket. Unfortunately due to the extreme dangers of nuclear fission inside a shuttle, the main project for researching the nuclear rockets, NERVA, was scrubbed. Most likely, in the future, scientists will devise a plan to minimize the risks, whereupon research will begin again. SECTION 3 A History INTRODUCTION The third section of this report shall begin by indicating the steps in which rocketry was created, as to allow the reader of this paper to better understand the way rockets work. It shall show the works of Tsiolkovsky, Goddard, Oberth and a few others. The report shall then end in a detailed conclusion. The conclusion will be based on the summary and discuss all that has been written. It shall end in giving opinions as to t he future uses of the specific areas found in the research. Development of Modern Rocketry EARLY HISTORY In around 1232 AD, in China, rockets were created. During the war with the Mongols, the Chinese would strap an early form of gunpowder to the shaft of an arrow. This made them fly longer and faster than any of the regular arrows that the Mongols used. About ten years later, in Europe, another major discovery was made. An Englishman, Robert Bacon, created a more practical formula for gunpowder. He did this by mixing 41.2 parts saltpeter, 29.4 parts charcoal and 29.4 parts sulfur. He was able to distill saltpeter, which produces oxygen, to allow the rocket to burn faster. In the 18th century, the British encounter encountered rocket warfare with India. The Indians probably learned the secret of rocket treat from Arab traders in the 17th century. The Indians, who were led by Hyder Ali, gave thousands of men the task of throwing rockets. The rockets were first thrown, then propelled itself. They attached an eight foot long bamboo stalk to six pound iron tube filled with fuse and powder. The rockets were able to fly up to 1.5 miles. Modern Discoveries Tsiolkovsky Tsiolkovsky, a Russian teacher, established that a rocket would work in the vacuum of space, in 1883. In 1903, he wrote a book explaining how space travel was possible, using liquid propelled rockets. He created drawings of possible space ships propelled by either liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen and kerosene. The sketches also show valves to transport the liquid propellant into a combustion chamber and showed how vanes could be created in the exhaust for steering. He also illustrated the crew lying on their backs in a pressurized cabin in order to withstand the pressure of such high speeds. Tsiolkovsky also thought of rocket staging. Rocket staging is a series of rockets that fire one after the other. When one finishes and the other fires, the useless rocket is jettisoned. He thought this was the only way to put heavy objects such as satellites into space. Goddard Although Tsiolkovsky thought up the ideas of advanced rocketry, still more had to be considered, and it had to become reality. The next pioneer, was the father of American rocketry, Robert Goddard. He first, created a bazooka type rocket. The bazooka was fairly large solid-propellant rocket. In 1919, he wrote a text called A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Two years later, he bagan to experiment with the liquid fuels that Tsiolkovsky. In 1926, Goddard finally launched the first liquid propelled rocket. It was fueled by gasoline and liquid oxygen. It rose to a height of 41 feet and traveled at 60 miles per hour. It only traveled 56 meters but it set the foundation for the future of rocketry. In May 1935, he released a rocket that featured gyro controlled exhaust vanes which pushed it to travel 1.5 miles above the ground at a totally unprecedented 700 miles per hour. GERMAN ROCKET SCIENTISTS In 192 3 a German rocket scientist Hermann Oberth published The Rocket Into Planetary Space. He favored liquid propellants, as Goddard, because of their power. His experimentation inspired the creation of the Society for Space Travel. The society passionately experimented with ways to improve the liquid propellant rocket. On February 21, 1931, a member of The Society for Space Travel, Johannes Winkler, launched the second liquid fuel rocket. Winkler s rocket was propelled by liquid methane and liquid oxygen. It failed totally, going a mere ten feet forward. Three weeks later another rocket ascended to about 2000 feet. The entire Society for Space Travel began working on two rocket series, the Mirak and Repulsor. The late model Repulsors could reach an altitude of 1 mile. When The Society for Space Travel ran out of money, they made a demonstration of the Repulsor for the German Army. A member, Werner Von Braun compiled some statistics for the army who gave it to Hitler. They realized that this did not violate the treaty which did not allow them to build airplanes. Hitler started the Army Weapons Department. Von Braun was placed in charge of rocket development. Within a few years Von Braun was experimenting with highly developed rockets and was firing them in secret at the island of Birkum. In 1934 he created two rockets, that could ascend to over 1.5 miles. After that, The Society for Space Travel fell apart due to financial problems. In 1937, a rocket research station was constructed on the Baltic coast. Here the Germans created such rockets as the famous V-1 Buzz Bombs, and the mammoth V-2 which were really rocket-powered flying bombs. Conclusion In this research, it has been demonstrated how all rocket engines work. It illustrates how propellants are moved into a combustion chamber, and expelled at extremely high speeds. It shows the properties of efficiency, the basic measure by which all rockets are compared. It shows how efficiency is measure by specific impuls e, which is calculated by the propellants exhaust velocity divided by g. It has given a basic comparison as to the efficiency of various rockets and has shown the reasons for being at their respective ranks. Also shown, is the pioneering of rocketry starting in the mid 1200s. All this has shown the basic properties of space propulsion Bibliography http://www.asi.org/adb/04/03/09/01/ – the Rocket Engine Specifications page from the Artemis Project (http://www.asi.org/ ) Data Book http://www.orbireport.com/Data.html -the Orbital Report News Agency’s Launch Vehicle database http://leonardo.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/home.html – JPL’s Mission Spacecraft Library http://solar.rtd.utk.edu/%7Emwade/spaceflt.htm – Mark Wade’s â€Å"Encyclopedia Astronautica† http://www.ksc.nasa.gov/shuttle/technology/sts-newsref/stsref-toc.html – The Space Shuttle Reference Manual http://nmp.jpl.nasa.gov/ds1/tech/sep.html – Solar electric propulsion on th e Deep Space 1 probe Rockets Sutton, George P Groliers Online Encyclopedia

United States And European Union Auditor †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The United States And European Union Auditor? Answer: Introduction The present report aims to present an analysis and evaluation of the key issues present in the case study entitled Enron: Independence. Enron, an American company involved in energy, commodities and Services Company was declared bankrupt in the year 2001. The company who was recognized to possess large asset base till the year 2000 suddenly was announced to bankrupt thereby causing the loss of many of its investors and creditors. The case has presented an analysis of the importance of maintaining auditor independence for disclosing the real financial position of a business entity. This is because, Arthur, Andersen, an auditing partner of Enron, has very close relationship with the company as reflected from the case study and therefore has hide the materialistic facts about its financial position from the end-users. This was mainly done for increasing the stock price of the company by the managers in order to realize huge profits. As such, the present report has discussed the importan ce of auditors independence and significance to the profession of auditing. In addition to this, it has illustrated the importance of maintain professional distance in the auditing profession by discussing the case of Enron and Arthur Independence. Auditor Independence and its Significance to Auditing Profession The main purpose of auditing carried out by the firms is to provide expert suggestions regarding the effectiveness of their financial reporting systems. The financial reports must provide a true and fair view of the annual accounts of a firm in order to ensure the transparency of its operations in the eyes of its stakeholders. It is essential for the auditors to maintain an independent position so that actual financial condition of an enterprise is depicted to the end-users without concealment of any pertinent financial facts. The auditors independence refers to the autonomy of the auditing firm hired by the client for analyzing the transparency of its internal business operations. As per the AICPAs professional ode of conduct an auditor is required to have intellectual honesty and judicial impartiality in order to effectively meet the liabilities of its clients and all of its stakeholders (Adelopo, 2016). The absence of independency of the auditor results in restricting the honest and fair view regarding the integrity of a firms operations that can negatively impact the stakeholders interests. The independency in the accounting profession means that the opinion of the auditor is not impacted by any relationship between the company and auditing firm. This is essential so that auditors provide an unbiased opinion on the financial position of a firm for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders (Langendijk, Swagerman and Verhoog, 2003). The major threats for auditor independence are as follows: Self-interest threat: The threat exists when an auditor has a financial dependence on the client such as that exists in the case of Enron and Andersen. The auditing firm, Anderson, was realizing millions of income from Enron and therefore has become financially dependent on it. Trust Threat: The auditor has achieved a high level of trust among the company executives and management and thereby not carrying out his/her job role effectively. Threat of Familiarity: The development of high level of friendship bond among the auditor and the management people of the client restricts the independency if auditor role. This is because auditors has to follow to the advice of management people and thereby cannot perform the job functions with freedom. The familiarity issue was also responsible in the case of Enron corporate scandal as there was familiar relation between the chief accounting officer of the company and the auditor. This lead to the occurrence of mis-representation of the financial figures by the auditor on the advice of the chief accounting officer (Gray and Manson, 2007). Thus, as such it can be said that there exist a high need for independent of auditors to provide sufficient knowledge to the outside parties regarding a firm financial condition. The end-users of the financial reports have faith in the auditors report and it plays an important role in their investment decision-making process. Therefore, for maintaining the confidence of the general public in the business world the independency of auditors actions is very essential. In this context, the stakeholder theory states that a business entity needs to be morally and ethically responsible for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders by providing them realistic financial information. The financial information presented to the end-users must be free from error so that it can be used in decisions relating to the investment. Therefore, the firm must ensure that it carries out its auditing is carried out independently without the involvement of its management (Friedman and Miles, 2006). Thi s will help in preventing the occurrence of any fraudulent accounting activities within the firm such as that occurred the Enron Corporation. Critical Discussion of Arthur Anderson Services that Resulted in Impairment of Auditors Independence The analysis of the case study has shown that the major role played in the collapse of Enron in the year 2001 was the ineffectiveness of its auditing services. The Enron has become one of the largest clients of Arthur Andersen as it realizes million of profits every week from the company. Apart from the audit services, the Andersen also provides non-audit services to the Enron such as business consulting and tax work and realizes about $27 million for such services. The large amount of compensation provided to the Andersen has made it quite challenging for the auditing firm to question the Enrons management team regarding its fraudulent business operations. These non-audit services provided by Andersen provide it an incentive to work as per the interests and goals of the management of Enron. As per the Sarbanes Oxley Act, it is illegal for a public accounting firm to provide any type of non-audit services to its clients. The non-audit services forms a large part of compensation prov ided to the Andersen and thus maintaining of high financial interest in the client can be said to be one of the major reason for impairment of auditors independence (Rantanen, 2007). In addition to this, the presence of close friendly relations between the chief accounting officer of Enron and the auditing partner of Andersen lead to restriction in maintaining the auditors independency during the audit of Enron by Andersen. David Duncan, the Chief Accounting Officer of Enron and the Andersen engagement partner, Cuasey, knew each other from long time and they enjoy vacations together. The existence of long-standing relationship between the client and auditors becomes responsible for the larger role of auditor in the client management functions. This can be done for releasing high profits from the client as Anderson gains huge revenue from Enron. Therefore, the familiarity issues also resulted in impairing the auditors independency in the case of Enron (Rantanen, 2007). Also, Anderson had developed a promotional video for sharing the closeness of its relationship with Enron. There was large number of accountants hired by Andersen that were working at Enron and hold prominent positions in the management team of the company. Also, besides performing auditing of its internal operations, the auditing firm Andersen was also involved in external audit of its financial statements. As such, it was rather difficult for the auditing firm to carry the auditing of its own work resulting in impairment of auditors independency. In this context, the AICPA code of conduct states that individual involved in general public practices such as of auditing should provide unbiased services for maintaining the general public confidence (Edwards, 2003). Importance of Maintaining Professional Distance The case of Enron bankruptcy has emphasized on the need and importance of maintaining auditor independency through developing professional distances. The presence of nay type of personal bonds between the auditor and client can result in biasing the potential judgments of the financial statements. The presence of some sort of professional distance is essential in providing public contact services such as auditing for protecting the stakeholder interests. The client should not have nay personal relationship with the auditor so that he/she can perform the job role independently and provide unbiased statements with the financial audit (Strohm, 2007). The present case study has reflected the impact of presence of personal relationship between the auditor and the client on the auditing services. The audit firm is paid by the client and thus it has made rather difficult for the auditing firm in the present case to carry out an independent audit. The maintaining of independency is highly es sential in the profession of auditing which can be impacted to a huge extent through the presence of bonds of personal relationship. The case of Enron has shown that both the auditing firm and the client should not be known to each other to work in independence. The professional distance will enable the auditor to complete the auditing work through greater proficiency and competency (Alipur, 2013). The presence of close relations between the auditor and the client will have large impact on the professional competency of the auditors. The auditors owes an ethical obligation towards the clients, employers and other stakeholders and therefore should carry out their roles with utmost care and diligence. The many researchers in this context have demonstrated the negative relationship between the presence of personal bonds in auditing profession and the quality of auditing (Alipur, 2013). There are many issues present in the auditing quality and therefore many researchers have emphasized on the importance of professional distance in the accounting profession. The case of Enron has also shown that having more information about the client does not impact the ability of an auditor for identifying the auditing problem. There should be good communication between the auditor and the management of the client company for identifying and resolving the potential problems (Edwards, 2003). However, this should only be maintained at professional level and there should not be nay personal ties between them. In this context, the agency theory of corporate governance has emphasized on the relationship between principal and agents in a business entity. The theory helps in resolving the issues related present between the management and its different level of stakeholders (Forbes-Pitt, 2011). The agency relationship is said to exist when the principal hires an agent for performing some duty in his behalf such as auditing firm being hired by a business entity for carry out auditing of its financial statements. As per the theory, in the case of auditor-client relationship, the agent (auditor) should present the best interest of the principal (client) without any personal interest in the principal actions (Bamberg and Spremann, 2012). Therefore, it can be said that accountancy profession is entrusted with high public interest role and therefore all professional accountants need to adhere to the standard code of conduct directed by the AICPA. The code of conduct has mandated the auditors to act in independency and restrict themselves from any type of relations with the client that can impact their professional capabilities. Therefore, any type of personal relationships between the auditor and the client can be regarded to be unethical as per the AICPA Code of Conduct (Strohm, 2007). Conclusion The discussion held in the report has helped in developing an understanding of the significance of independency in the auditing profession. The case of Enron has also helped in developing an insight regarding the negative impacts of having personal relationships with the auditing firm on the future sustainability of a business entity. The auditing profession holds high responsibility of maintaining the public confidence and trust. The report has also depicted the issues causing the impairment of auditor independency through the help of case study of Enron. The case study has shown that one of the major reasons for the loss of investor confidence during Enron collapse was ineffective audit services provided by its auditing partner, Arthur Andersen. The presence of close bonds between the auditing firm and the client has resulted in impairment of auditors professional competency and capability in the case of Enron. The auditors, as such, require carrying out their job duties with hones ty and integrity to meet their ethical obligations towards their clients and its stakeholders References Adelopo, I. 2016. Auditor Independence: Auditing, Corporate Governance and Marketing Confidence. Routledge. Alipur, R. 2013. The relationship between the spatial distance of auditors and clients, and the quality of auditing in accepted companies in Tehran stock exchange. Issues in Business Management and Economics1 (6), pp. 133-141. Bamberg, G. and Spremann, K. 2012. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Edwards, F. R. 2003. U.S. Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong and Can It Be Fixed? Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago conference. Forbes-Pitt, K. 2011. The Assumption of Agency Theory. Taylor Francis. Friedman, A. and Miles, S. 2006. Stakeholders: Theory and Practice. OUP Oxford. Gray, I. and Manson, S. 2007. The Audit Process: psychology, Practice and Cases. Cengage Learning EMEA. Langendijk, H., Swagerman, D. and Verhoog, W. 2003. Is Fair Value Fair?: Financial Reporting from an International Perspective. John Wiley Sons. Rantanen, M. 2007. Reasons of Systemic Collapse in Enron: Systems Intelligence in Leadership and Everyday Life. Strohm, C. 2007. United States and European Union Auditor Independence Regulation: Implications for Regulators and Auditing Practice. Springer Science Business Media.